Monday, September 17, 2007
Charles W. Sweeney 将军国会演讲的英文稿
Born in Lowell, Mass., in 1919, Retired Dec. 27, 1979. Died July 15, 2004.
Fulltext of Charles W. Sweeney's Hearing Before the Committee (May 11,1995):
I am Maj. Gen. Charles W. Sweeney, United States Air Force, Retired. I am the only pilot to have flown on both atomic missions. I flew the instrument plane on the right wing of General Paul Tibbets on the Hiroshima mission and 3 days later, on August 9, 1945, commanded the second atomic mission over Nagasaki. Six days after Nagasaki the Japanese military surrendered and the Second World War came to an end.The soul of a nation, its essence, is its history. It is that collective memory which defines what each generation thinks and believes about itself and its country.
In a free society, such as ours, there is always an ongoing debate about who we are and what we stand for. This open debate is in fact essential to our freedom. But to have such a debate we as a society must have the courage to consider all of the facts available to us. We must have the courage to stand up and demand that before any conclusions are reached, those facts which are beyond question are accepted as part of the debate.As the 50th anniversary of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki missions approaches, now is an appropriate time to consider the reasons for Harry Truman's order that these missions be flown. We may disagree on the conclusion, but let us at least be honest enough to agree on basic facts of the time, the facts that President Truman had to consider in making a difficult and momentous decision.
As the only pilot to have flown both missions, and having commanded the Nagasaki mission, I bring to this debate my own eyewitness account of the times. I underscore what I believe are irrefutable facts, with full knowledge that some opinion makers may cavalierly dismiss them because they are so obvious - because they interfere with their preconceived version of the truth, and the meaning which they strive to impose on the missions.
This evening, I want to offer my thoughts, observations, and conclusions as someone who lived this history, and who believes that President Truman's decision was not only justified by the circumstances of his time, but was a moral imperative that precluded any other option.
Like the overwhelming majority of my generation the last thing I wanted was a war. We as a nation are not warriors. We are not hell-bent on glory. There is no warrior class - no
Samurai - no master race.
This is true today, and it was true 50 years ago.
While our country was struggling through the great depression, the Japanese were embarking on the conquest of its neighbors - the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. It seems fascism always seeks some innocuous slogan to cover the most hideous plans.
This Co-Prosperity was achieved by waging total and merciless war against China and Manchuria. The Japanese, as a nation, saw itself as destined to rule Asia and thereby possess its natural resources and open lands. Without the slightest remorse or hesitation, the Japanese Army slaughtered innocent men, women and children. In the infamous Rape of Nanking up to 300,000 unarmed civilians were butchered. These were criminal acts.
THESE ARE FACTS.
In order to fulfill its divine destiny in Asia, Japan determined that the only real impediment to this goal was the United States. It launched a carefully conceived sneak attack on our Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor. Timed for a Sunday morning it was intended to deal a death blow to the fleet by inflicting the maximum loss of ships and human life.1,700 sailors are still entombed in the hull of the U.S.S. Arizona that sits on the bottom of Pearl Harbor. Many if not all, died without ever knowing why. Thus was the war thrust upon us.
The fall of Corregidor and the resulting treatment of Allied prisoners of war dispelled any remaining doubt about the inhumanness of the Japanese Army, even in the context of war. The Bataan Death March was horror in its fullest dimension. The Japanese considered surrender to be dishonorable to oneself, one's family, one's country and one's god. They showed no mercy. Seven thousand American and Filipino POW's were beaten, shot, bayoneted or left to die of disease or exhaustion.
THESE ARE FACTS.
As the United States made its slow, arduous, and costly march across the vast expanse of the Pacific, the Japanese proved to be ruthless and intractable killing machine. No matter how futile, no matter how hopeless the odds, no matter how certain the outcome, the Japanese fought to the death. And to achieve a greater glory, the strove to kill as many Americans as possible.
The closer the United States came to the Japanese mainland, the more fanatical their actions became.
Saipan - 3,100 Americans killed, 1,500 in the first few hours of the invasion
Iwa Jima - 6,700 Americans killed, 25,000 wounded
Okinawa - 12,500 Americans killed, total casualties, 35,000
These are facts reported by simple white grave markets.
Kamikazes. The literal translation is DIVINE WIND. To willingly dive a plane loaded with bombs into an American ship was a glorious transformation to godliness - there was no higher honor on heaven or earth. The suicidal assaults of the Kamikazes took 5,000 American Navy men to their deaths.
The Japanese vowed that, with the first American to step foot on the mainland, they would execute every Allied prisoner. In preparation they forced the POW's to dig their own graves in the event of mass executions. Even after their surrender, they executed some American POW's.
THESE ARE FACTS.
The Potsdam Declaration had called for unconditional surrender of the Japanese Armed Forces. The Japanese termed it ridiculous and not worthy of consideration. We know from our intercepts of their coded messages, that they wanted to stall for time to force a negotiated surrender on terms acceptable to them.
For months prior to August 6, American aircraft began dropping fire bombs upon the Japanese mainland. The wind created by the firestorm from the bombs incinerated whole cities. Hundreds of thousands of Japanese died. Still the Japanese military vowed never to surrender. They were prepared to sacrifice their own people to achieve their visions of glory and honor - no matter how many more people died.
They refused to evacuate civilians ever though our pilots dropped leaflets warning of the possible bombings. In one 3-day period, 34 square miles of Tokyo, Nagoya, Kobe and Osaka were reduced to rubble.
THESE ARE FACTS.
And even after the bombing of Hiroshima, Tojo, his successor Suzuki, and the military clique in control believed the United States had but one bomb, and that Japan could go on. They had 3 days to surrender after August 6, but they did not surrender. The debate in their cabinet at times became violent.
Only after the Nagasaki drop did the Emperor finally demand surrender.And even then, the military argued they could and should fight on. A group of Army officers staged a coup and tried to seize and destroy the Emperor's recorded message to his people announcing the surrender.
THESE ARE FACTS.
These facts help illuminate the nature of the enemy we faced. They help put into context the process by which Truman considered the options available to him. And they help to add meaning to why the missions were necessary.
President Truman understood these facts as did every service man and woman. Casualties were not some abstraction, but a sobering reality.
Did the atomic missions end the war? Yes...they...did.
Were they necessary? Well that's where the rub comes.
With the fog of 50 years drifting over the memory of our country, to some, the Japanese are now the victims. America was the insatiable, vindictive aggressor seeking revenge and conquest. Our use of these weapons was the unjustified and immoral starting point for the nuclear age with all of its horrors. Of course, to support such distortion, one must conveniently ignore the real facts of fabricate new realities to fit the theories. It is no less egregious than those who today deny the Holocaust occurred.How could this have happened?
The answer may lie in examining some recent events.
The current debate about why President Truman ordered these missions, in some cases, has devolved to a numbers game. The Smithsonian in its proposed exhibit of the Enola Gay revealed the creeping revisionism which seems the rage in certain historical circles.That exhibit wanted to memorialize the fiction that the Japanese were the victims - we the evil aggressor. Imagine taking your children and grandchildren to this exhibit.
What message would they have left with?
What truth would they retain?
What would they think their country stood for?
And all of this would have occurred in an American institution whose very name and charter are supposed to stand for the impartial preservation of significant American artifacts.
By canceling the proposed exhibit and simply displaying the Enola Gay, has truth won out?
Maybe not.
In one nationally televised discussion, I heard a so-called prominent historian argue that the bombs were nor necessary. That President Truman was intent on intimidating the Russians. That the Japanese were ready to surrender.
The Japanese were ready to surrender? Based on what?
Some point to statements by General Eisenhower years after the war that Japan was about to fall. Well, based on that same outlook Eisenhower seriously underestimated Germany's will to fight on and concluded in December, 1944 that Germany no longer had the capability to wage offensive war.
That was a tragic miscalculation. The result was the Battle of the Bulge, which resulted in tens of thousands of needless Allied casualties and potentially allowed Germany to prolong the war and force negotiations.
Thus the assessment that Japan was vanquished may have the benefit of hindsight rather than foresight.
It is certainly fair to conclude that the Japanese could have been reasonably expected to be even more fanatical than the Germans base on the history of the war in the Pacific.And, finally, a present-day theory making the rounds espouses that even if an invasion had taken place, our casualties would not have been a million, as many believed, but realistically only 46,000 dead.
ONLY 46,000!
Can you imagine the callousness of this line of argument? ONLY 46,000- as if this were some insignificant number of American lives.
Perhaps these so-called historians want to sell books.
Perhaps they really believe it.
Or perhaps it reflects some self-loathing occasioned by the fact that we won the war.
Whatever the reason, the argument is flawed. It dissects and recalculates events ideologically, grasping at selective straws.
Let me admit right here, today, that I don't know how many more Americans would have died in an invasion - AND NEITHER DOES ANYONE ELSE!
What I do know is that based on the Japanese conduct during the war, it is fair and reasonable to assume that an invasion of the mainland would have been a prolonged and bloody affair. Based on what we know - not what someone surmises - the Japanese were not about to unconditionally surrender.
In taking Iwo Jima, a tiny 8 square mile lump of rock in the ocean, 6,700 marines died - total casualties over 30,000.
But even assuming that those who now KNOW our casualties would have been ONLY 46,000 I ask -
Which 46,000 were to die?
Whose father?
Whose brother?
Whose husband?
And, yes, I am focusing on American lives.
The Japanese had their fate in their own hands, we did not. Hundreds of thousands of American troops anxiously waited at staging areas in the Pacific dreading the coming invasion, their fate resting on what Japanese would do next. The Japanese could have ended it at any time. They chose to wait.
And while the Japanese stalled, an average of 900 more Americans were killed or wounded each day the war continued.
I've heard another line of argument that we should have accepted a negotiated peace with the Japanese on terms they would have found acceptable. I have never heard anyone suggest that we should have negotiated a peace with Nazi Germany. Such an idea is so outrageous, that no rational human being would utter the words. To negotiate with such evil fascism was to allow it even in defeat a measure of legitimacy. This is not just some empty philosophical principal of the time - it was essential that these forces of evil be clearly and irrevocably defeated - their demise unequivocal. Their leadership had forfeited any expectation of diplomatic niceties. How it is, then, the history of the war in the Pacific can be so soon forgotten?
The reason may lie in the advancing erosion of our history, of our collective memory.Fifty years after their defeat, Japanese officials have the temerity to claim they were the victims. That Hiroshima and Nagasaki were the equivalent of the Holocaust.And, believe it or not, there are actually some American academics who support this analogy, thus aiding and giving comfort to a 50-year attempt by the Japanese to rewrite their own history, and ours in the process.
There is an entire generation of Japanese who do not know the full extent of their country's conduct during World War II.
This explains why they do not comprehend why they must apologize-
•for the Korean comfort women.
•for the Medical experimentation on POW's which match the horror of those conducted by the Nazi's.
•for the plane to use biological weapons against the United States by infecting civilian populations on the West Coast.
•for the methodical slaughter of civilians.
•and for much more.In a perverse inversion, by forgetting our own history, we contribute to the Japanese amnesia, to the detriment of both our nations.
Unlike the Germans who acknowledged their guilt, the Japanese persist in the fiction that they did nothing wrong, that they were trapped by circumstances. This only forecloses any genuine prospect that the deep wounds suffered by both nations can be closed and healed.
One can only forgive by remembering. And to forget, is to risk repeating history.The Japanese in a well orchestrated political and public relations campaign have now proposed that the use of the term "V-J Day" be replaced by the more benign "Victory in the Pacific Day". How convenient.
This they claim will make the commemoration of the end of the war in the Pacific less "Japan specific".
An op-ed piece written by Dorothy Rabinowitz appearing in the April 5 Wall Street Journal accurately sums up this outrage:
The reason it appears, is that some Japanese find the reference disturbing - and one can see why. The term, especially the "J" part, does serve to remind the world of the identity of the nation whose defeat millions celebrated in August 1945. in further deference to Japanese sensitivities, a U.S. official (who wisely chose to remain unidentified) also announced, with reference to the planned ceremonies, that "our whole effort in this thing is to commemorate an event, not celebrate a victory."
Some might argue so what's in a word - Victory over Japan, Victory in the Pacific - Let's celebrate an event, not a victory.
A say everything is in a word. Celebrate an EVENT!
Kind of like celebrating th opening of a shopping mall rather than the end of a war that engulfed the entire Earth - which left countless millions dead and countless millions more physically or mentally wounded and countless more millions displaced.This assault on the use of language is Orwellian and is the tool by which history and memory are blurred. Words can be just as destructive as any weapon.
Up is down.
Slavery is freedom.
Aggression is peace.
In some ways this assault on our language and history by the elimination of accurate and deive words is far more insidious than the actual aggression carried out by the Japanese 50 years ago. At least then the threat was clear, the enemy well defined.Today the Japanese justify their conduct by artfully playing the race card. They were not engaged in a criminal enterprise of aggression. No, Japan was simply liberating the oppressed masses of Asia from WHITE Imperialism.
Liberation!! Yes, they liberated over 20 million innocent Asians by killing them. I'm sure those 20 million, their families and the generations never to be, appreciate the noble effort of the Japanese.
I am often asked was the bomb dropped for vengeance, as was suggested by one draft of the Smithsonian exhibit. That we sought to destroy an ancient and honorable culture.Here are some more inconvenient facts.
One, on the original target list for the atomic missions Kyoto was included. Although this would have been a legitimate target, one that had not been bombed previously, Secretary of State Henry Stimson removed it from the list because it was the ancient capital of Japan and was also the religious center of Japanese culture.Two, we were under strict orders during the war that under no circumstances were we to ever bomb the Imperial Palace in Tokyo, even though we could have easily leveled it and possibly killed the Emperor. So much for vengeance.
I often wonder if Japan would have been shown such restraint if they had the opportunity to bomb the White House. I think not.
At this point let me dispel one of many longstanding myths that our targets were intended to be civilian populations. Each target for the missions had significant military importance - Hiroshima was the headquarters for the southern command responsible for the defense of Honshu in the event of an invasion and it garrisoned seasoned troops who would mount the initial defense.
Nagasaki was an industrial center with the two large Mitsubishi armaments factories. In both Hiroshima and Nagasaki the Japanese had integrated these industries and troops right in the heart of each city.
As in any war our goal was, as it should be, to win. The stakes were too high to equivocate.
I am often asked if I ever think of the Japanese who died at Hiroshima and Nagasaki?I do not revel in the idea that so many on both sides died, not only at those two places but around the world in that horrible conflict. I take no pride or pleasure in the brutality of war whether suffered by my people or those of another nation. Every life is precious.But it does seem to me such a question is more appropriately directed to the Japanese war lords who so willingly offered up their people to achieve their visions of greatness. They who started the war and then stubbornly refused to stop it must be called to account. Don't they have the ultimate responsibility for all the deaths of their countrymen?
Perhaps if the Japanese came to grips with their past and their true part in the war they would hold those Japanese military leaders accountable. The Japanese people deserve an answer from those that brought such misery to the nations of the Far East and ultimately to their own people. Of course this can never happen of we collaborate with the Japanese in wiping away the truth.
How can Japan ever reconcile with itself and the United States if they do not demand and accept the truth?My crew and I flew these missions with the belief that they would bring the war to an end. There was no sense of joy. There was a sense of duty and commitment that we wanted to get back to our families and loved ones.
Today millions of people in America an in southeast Asia are alive because the war ended when it did.
I do not stand here celebrating the use of nuclear weapons. Quite the contrary.I hope that my mission is the last such mission ever flown.We as a nation can abhor the existence of nuclear weapons.
I certainly do.
But that does not then mean that, back in August of 1945, given the events of the war and the recalcitrance of our enemy, President Truman was not obliged to use all the weapons at his disposal to end the war.
I agreed with Harry Truman then, and I still do today.Years after the war Truman was asked if he had any second thoughts. He said emphatically, "No." He then asked the questioner to remember the men who died at Pearl Harbor who did not have the benefit of second thoughts.
In war the stakes are high. As Robert E. Lee said, "it is good that war is so horrible, or we might grow to like it."
I thank God that it was we who had this weapon and not the Japanese or the Germans. The science was there. Eventually someone would have developed this weapon. Science can never be denied. It finds a way to self-fulfillment.
The question of whether it was wise to develop such a weapon would have eventually been overcome by the fact that it could be done. The Soviets would have certainly proceeded to develop their own bomb. Let us not forget that Joseph Stalin was no less evil than Tojo or his former ally Adolf Hitler. At last count, Stalin committed genocide on at least 20 million of his own citizens.
The world is a better place because German and Japanese fascism failed to conquer the world.
Japan and Germany are better places because we were benevolent in our victory.The youth of Japan and the United States, spared from further needless slaughter, went on to live and have families and grow old.
As the father of ten children and the grandfather of 21, I can state that I am certainly grateful that the war ended when it did.
I do not speak for all veterans of that war. But I believe that my sense of pride in having served my country in that great conflict is shared by all veterans. This is why the truth about that war must be preserved. We veterans are not shrinking violets. Our sensibilities will not be shattered in intelligent and controversial debate. We can handle ourselves.But we will not, we cannot allow armchair second guessers to frame the debate by hiding facts from the American public and the world.
I have great faith in the good sense and fairness of the American people to consider all of the facts and make an informed judgment about the war's end.
This is an important debate. The soul of our nation, its essence, its history, is at stake.
西北军惨烈中条山的几个历史场面
中条山,侵华日军称为“盲肠”。日军倾十余万兵力,苦战三年,竟未能越过中条山一步。这在抗战初期确属罕见。
抗战八年,日军占据了东、南、北大片领土,却一直无力西进,这一切都得之于中条山战役的伟大胜利。 然而,因为参战部队是“西安事变”的杨虎城部队,既不是国民党军队也不是共产党军队, 没有一方大力宣传。 中条山战役随后一直鲜为人知。
谨以此文献给中条山战役中牺牲的先烈们。
西北军惨烈中条山
杨虎城因“西安事变”被迫出国,将西北军(17路军)交给了结拜兄弟孙蔚如,并告诫:要牢记“兵谏”之初衷,一切以抗日大局为重……
1938年7月,一支由三万多名“陕西冷娃”组成的队伍夜渡黄河,开进中条山, 开始了惊天地泣鬼神的中条山战役。
战例1:
血战永济独立46旅(旅长孔从洲)和警备一旅张剑平团守永济城。
1938年8月8日,日军牛岛师团出动装甲部队,十几门大炮,9架飞机猛攻中国军队20多里的防线,永济岌岌可危!孔从洲叫来102团团副杨法震,说:“正面阵地压力太大,你速带一个营绕到敌人背后敲他一下!”杨法震冲在队伍的最前列,率领三百名壮士一路冲杀,在黑水村灭了敌警戒哨,在唐家营端了敌预备队;在北古城炸毁了日军增援的汽车队……8月15日清晨,日军调集1200多人,向杨法震设防的上高市猛扑过来。杨法震在指挥士兵们打退了敌人的4次进攻,自己亲手击毙了13名鬼子后,与三百名弟兄们一起战死上高市……
当晚,日军又迂回偷袭,占领了东南方向的西姚温、解家坟、万古寺,兵临永济城下。有“铁军”之称的教导团三营营长张希文一马当先,在收复了万古寺后又逆袭西姚温。由于通讯中断,三营被日军困在了西姚温……,孙蔚如将军写道:“敌旅将我西姚温阵地突破,我张希文营向该处逆袭、肉搏一昼夜,该营全部殉国,我主力及炮兵得以安全转移、厥功甚伟。”
8月17日,日军从东、南、北三面(西面是黄河)包围了永济城。下午5时许,攻破永济城。张剑平团长带领官兵在城内展开巷战,连炊事员也抡着菜刀杀入敌群……6时许,永济失陷,中国军队500名官兵壮烈殉国……8月26日,蒋介石发来电报:“自张团长以此牺牲壮烈,特电慰勉。”
永济失陷后,教导团团长李振西在韩阳镇筑起第二道防线,阻击日军半月之久。团副魏鸿纪带一支队插入敌后,奇袭敌营,搅得日军一时风声鹤唳……在一次奇袭完成后,撤退途中,年仅25岁的魏团副阵亡。
永济-韩阳作战,为中国军队争取到了时间和空间。孙蔚如渡河作战之初,三百里中条山的防务没有部署停当。永济战后,中国军队各部已集结到位,中条山防务也基本就绪。
战例2:
“六六战役”茅津渡是三门峡左侧、平陆境内、黄河北岸一个古老的渡口,它与潼关以北的风陵渡一样,历来为兵家必争之地。人们形容茅津渡是“一锁扣三省”,一锁既开,三省门户皆开。
1939年6月6日凌晨,下了生死赌注的日军一改常规,用他们最不习惯的夜战发起了扫荡攻势,兵分九路一齐杀来茅津渡。
日军进攻的重点是陌南镇我96军之主力陈硕儒的177师。虽然早已料到了日军会先攻陌南,但日军攻打陌南兵力之众多,火力之集中还是让中国军队一开始就非常被动。日军的十几辆坦克摧毁了防御工事,陈硕儒顽强阻击敌人,等待增援,但38军在驰援途中又遭到日军的封锁,而177师的47旅又被日军包围在中条山南麓的茨林沟无法脱身。陈硕儒苦苦支撑,战至下午4时许,陌南镇失守,177师被日军逼到了黄河岸边。
面对着日军愈来愈小的包围圈,年近半百身材瘦削的陈硕儒师长一声令下,40名陕西冷娃甩掉血渍斑斑的军衣,端起机枪杀向敌阵。 自以为胜券在握的日军万万没有想到陈硕儒会杀个回马枪,一时乱了阵脚……177师杀出重围,有人问:“师长,往哪里打!”陈硕儒大手一挥:“回陌南镇!”陈硕儒回马第一枪冲出黄河滩;回马第二枪又杀回陌南镇,越过陌南,穿插至中条山腹地休整数日,收拢散兵后陈师长回马三枪,复夺陌南。此举成为“六六战役”中的一段“神话”。
但是,177师杀出黄河滩后,有两支队伍没能跟上,他们是新兵团和工兵营。这两支队伍分别被困在了黄河岸边的许八坡和马家崖。 新兵团有一千多人,都是些十七岁左右的新兵。小战士们在黄河滩上与日军舍命拼杀,在牺牲了二百多名弟兄后,八百多人被逼上了河岸边一百八十多米高的悬崖。伤痕累累战士们向着家乡跪拜之后,一起跳进奔腾的黄河……
800壮士集体投河的这一幕,被山里的村民看见了。据一位村民讲,他至今还记得最后一名士兵跳河的情景。那是一位旗手,他的双手紧紧攥着他部队的军旗。他在跳河前吼唱了几句秦腔,好像是《金沙滩》中杨继业的两句——
两狼山战胡儿啊天摇地动,好男儿为国家何惧死生啊
后来,人们打捞这杆军旗时,拖出两具尸首来。旗杆从一个鬼子兵的后背戳进去,穿透前胸。那个吼秦腔的旗手还紧紧攥着旗杆。
几乎同时,在相距十余里的马家崖,我177师工兵营二百多位士兵也为捍卫中国军人的尊严而集体扑进黄河…… 三天后,孙蔚如总司令在黄河滩召开公祭大会。将士一律臂挽黑纱,孙司令面对黄河,眼含热泪,攥拳起誓:此仇不报,我孙某自当引颈自戮,以谢国人!
6月11日,李兴中、陈硕儒率96军主力177师杀回陌南镇,击溃了日军;孔从洲的46旅从夏县折回,封锁了平陆境内的南北要道——张(店)茅(津渡)大道;第一战区司令长官卫立煌将军应孙蔚如之请求,用炮火封锁了黄河河道:骄狂一时的日军终于被中国军队四面围住。6月12日,中国军队从东、西、北三面向被日军占领的茅津渡(茅津渡由古王、计王两个渡口组成)发起全面攻势。战至黄昏,日军全线崩溃,我38军、96军胜利会师,中条山保卫战取得胜利!
“六六战役”中国军队付出了惨重的代价,近万名官兵壮烈殉国。但日军死亡人数亦不在中国军队之下。战后,日军在运城召开追悼阵亡将士大会,会场上,仅阵亡军官的骨灰罐就摆了1700多个……
1940年10月,孙蔚如接到蒋介石的调防命令,率部离开了浴血苦战将近三年的中条山,到中原战场参战。晋南百姓含泪送行……
1945年7月,孙蔚如调任第六战区司令长官,授上将衔。日寇投降时,他为第六战区受降主官,在武汉接受日本第六方面军投降并全权处理六战区受降事宜。 武汉中山公园内至今还有一座受降碑,碑上镌刻的草书铭文是孙蔚如将军亲自撰写的:“中华民国三四年九月十八日,蔚如奉命接受日本第六方面军司令官冈部直三郎大将率二十一万人签降于此。第六战区司令长官孙蔚如题。”
1946年春,第六战区改组为武汉行营,程潜为主任,孙蔚如为副主任。
解放后,孙蔚如曾任民革中央常委,陕西省副省长,中央国防委员会委员等职。1979年,84岁的孙蔚如将军病逝于西安。
日本投降签字仪式 (45年10月10日上午十时, 北平)
故事片:《梅花》(1976)
纪录片:《南京梦魇》by Dr.Rhawn Joseph
BBC纪录片:《恐怖的东方》(英国2005)
http://www.sharebig.com/share.php?id=s10bpekepqg1l72ZN
PBS纪录片:《西点军校200年》(美国2005)
下载链接:
http://www.sharebig.com/share.php?id=s11gkukhorhpeOnRa
德国喜剧《裤裆里的蚂蚁》(scm格式)
Saturday, August 11, 2007
译制片: [中途岛之战],avi, 1.37GB, ShareBig
◆译 名:中途岛之战/中途岛战役/中途岛海战/中途岛
*下载链接: (avi, 1.37GB)
纪录片: [东京:终战日](法国2005), avi, 439MB (MGU)
【片名】TOKYO, LE JOUR OU LA GUERRE S'ARRETA
【译名】东京:终战日
【年代】2005年
【国家】法国
【片长】49Mins
【类别】纪录片
【语言】日语
【字幕】下载中文字幕文件
【格式】avi
【大小】439mB
【简介】:
法国导演Viallet Serge花了两年时间,收集日本二战投降仪式的映像资料。本片围绕1945年9月2日这一天,描写在密苏里号战舰上各国主要人物的表情,和仪式的详细过程。
影片通过画质鲜明的历史映像,平和而又细腻的手法,使得这部描绘重大历史事件的纪录影片别具风味,犹如一篇恬淡隽永的历史小品。
本片的日本语版本由NHK作为终战纪念日特别节目之一,改名为[麦克阿瑟眼中的日本投降]
下载:
http://www.megaupload.com/?d=GQAB2E79
纪录片: 满州噩梦-731部队(美国2005),avi, 173MB(SendSpace)
英文名称:Unit.731.-.Nightmare.in.Manchuria
地区:美国
语言:英语
731部队是旧日本军(关东军)防疫给水本部的别名。该单位由石井四郎所领导,因此也称之为「石井部队」。731部队也是在抗日战争(1937-1945)和第二次世界大战期间,侵华日军从事生物战细菌战研究和人体试验相关研究的秘密军事医疗部队的代称。
731部队伪装成一个水净化部队。731部队把基地建在中国东北哈尔滨附近的平房区,这一区域当时是傀儡政权满洲国的一部分。一些研究者认为超过10,000名中国人,朝鲜人,以及联军战俘在731部队的试验中被害, 但是对于数量的多少还存在争议。
731部队行径只是大日本帝国陆军在占领满洲期间(从1931年到第二次世界大战结束的1945年)犯下的许多战争罪行之一,在这期间,1500万中国人,朝鲜人,菲律宾人,印度尼西亚人,缅甸人的平民,太平洋岛上居民和联军俘虏被杀害。
形成
731部队的前身,是石井四郎于1932年在中国东北哈尔滨市郊的背阴河设立的东乡部队,该部队最早的开始进行了在日本国内无法进行的生体实验即在活人人体上进行细菌感染、解剖等实验,实验过程中往往不注射麻醉药物。
1932年, 石井四郎率部队修建中马城,在哈尔滨市郊的监狱。1935年的一次监狱暴动迫使石井关闭中马城. 石井到离哈尔滨更近的平房区重新设立一个新的设施。
673部队在黑河孙吴县建立细菌实验基地,包括动物饲养、制菌室等300间建筑。
活动
活体解剖 - 一个代号为“马路大”的特别项目进行人体试验:受试验者从中国的住民中抓来,也被称为“原木” (丸太) 手榴弹试验,用人在不同的距离和位置进行手榴弹试验 冻伤试验 开发落叶剂和细菌弹
设施
对游者开放的建筑物中的一座731基地占地6平方公里,由150多幢建筑组成。设施经过很精心的设计,使得其很难被摧毁。 一些731的周边设施仍保存到现在,并开发给游客参观。
基地包括各种各样的生产设施。有约4,500个培养跳蚤的容器,6个巨大的制造各种化学制品的锅炉,以及约1,800容器用于生产生物战剂。几天内就可以成产出大约30克腺鼠疫。
数十吨的这些生物武器(以及一些化学武器)在整个战争期间被存放于中国东北的许多地方。解散后日本试图销毁每一个证据,无论如何这都不是成功现在依然还有许多证物遗留着。至今有时候对中国的平民还有伤害。特别是在2003年9月, 29名在黑龙江 一栋建筑物的工作人员无意地挖掘到了埋藏在地下超过有50年历史的化学武器的弹壳,因为这样他们就义了。
解散和二战的终结
石井想要在太平洋冲突后的1944年5月使用化学武器, 但是他的企图由于计划不周和同盟国的乾涉而多次被挫败。 当战争会很快结束变得明朗时,石井下令摧毁那些设备设施,并告诉他的部下“把秘密带进坟墓”。他的日本军队在战争的最后的日子里集合起来销毁他们进行人体试验的证据,包括毒杀400名在押的“马路大”并焚烧;还故意地放出所有感染瘟疫的动物。
美国相信这些研究数据是具有相当高的价值,因为同盟国从未进行过这种类型的人体试验。同时,美国不希望任何其他国,特别是苏联得到这些数据用于研究生物武器。 因此,作为获得这些数据的交换,美国不以战争罪起诉731部队的军官。
1949年12月,伯力城(哈巴罗夫斯克)战犯审判法庭对731部队的战犯进行了审判[1]。
许多前731部队的成员都加入了日本医疗组织。北野正次博士领导了 日本最大的制药公司:绿十字。 其他成员或领导医学院校,或为日本厚生省工作。
日本右翼民族主义历史学家否认731部队的行动,他们认为那是中国宣传机关的编造。同时左翼组织曾经出版731部队的历史,强调美国为了交换731部队的研究数据,刻意掩盖了731部队的史实。 731部队的历史和其他涉及731部队的许多二战主题(以及引起的争论)被从许多日本历史教科书中抹去了。 有些人认为这恰恰表明了历史修正主义是现代日本的主流思想的一部分,进而说明日本还没有承担过去所犯下的罪行的全部责任。
1997年,180名中国人,731部队的受害者或其家属,对日本政府提出诉讼,要求全面披露731部队事实,道歉并予以赔偿。2002年8月,东京地方法院承认731部队的存在以及所进行的生物战的行为,但是裁决所有的赔偿问题已经在1972年9月29日签署的《中华人民共和国政府与日本国政府联合声明》中解决。
2000年,美国国会通过了日本帝国政府解密法案对大部分机密的美国政府关于日本在第二次世界大战中犯下的战争罪行和战争犯的档案进行解密。 2003年,这一工作将由纳粹战争罪行和日本帝国政府档案跨部门工作组(IWG)完成。
2006年1月9日,根据日本TBS电视台报道,前关东军731部队司令官石井四郎的亲笔日记被发现。同时根据对在世的石井家女仆渡边秋和原731部队成员铃木进的采访,再次获得了731部队进行人体细菌试验和其他罪行的有力证据。
下载:
http://www.sendspace.com/file/00rec9
Friday, August 10, 2007
[BBC纪录片: 时代瞭望之印度陆军, avi, 698mB, ShareBig
英文名称: Timewatch - The Forgotten Volunteers : The Indian Army
地区: 英国
类型: 历史/政治/战争
格式: avi
大小: 698MB
长度: 50 Min
语言: 英语
简介:
二战期间印度军队的贡献还是值得赞许的, 但很少被人们所提及. 这可能与他们没有自己独立的指挥系统有关, 功劳和牺牲都算成英国军队的了.
BBC这个纪录片介绍了二战时期为英国而战的250万印度志愿军的故事. 纪录片中包含了一些采访和其它一些珍贵的罕见录象. 肯定了他们在对意大利德国日本的作战中所表现出的勇敢和牺牲精神. 尤其是日军将一群印军俘虏当靶子练习射击, 没有死的再补上一刺刀的镜头让人震撼. 此片为《恐怖的东方/战栗东方》的花絮片,又译为《被遗忘的印度志愿军》。
下载:
http://www.sharebig.com/share.php?id=s10aeloippbIhrhWV
Saturday, July 21, 2007
纪录片:《四万万同胞》,美国(1939)
Saturday, July 7, 2007
记录片:《战争中的世界》之7: 疯狂的日本; 之25:核弹. 下载
记录片:《战争中的世界》之25:核弹. 英国(1974), 789.4MB (SB)
《战争中的世界》"The World at War"(1974)(mini)TV-Series是一个大型系列纪录片(28.8GB). 此处只有该系列片的第7集(820MB): << 疯狂的日本>> 和 第25集(789MB):<<核弹>>的下载链接:
第7集: 疯狂的日本http://www.sharebig.com/share.php?id=s11dkjqiqkkYPU0nN
第25集: 核弹http://www.sharebig.com/share.php?id=s12hsqkuiip7Q97x2
原片名:The World at War
中文名:战争中的世界
导 演:Ted Childs, Michael Darlow
影片类型:纪录片/ 战争
片长(第25集):52 min (789.4MB)
出品年代:1974
国家/地区:英国
对白语言:英语日语德语法语
色彩:彩色 黑白
混音:单声道
内容简介:
该纪录片通过德国、意大利、日本三个轴心国分别在欧洲、亚洲、中东所挑起的战争,表现了在第二次世界大战中,世界反法西斯联盟在海、陆、空的各个战场上英勇抗击法西斯侵略者宏大场面。通过该片使我们充分了解到如:斯大林格勒、诺曼底登陆及攻克柏林等重大战役珍贵史实资料。这部1974年英国一家电视制作公司制作完成的宏伟巨作应该是反映第二次世界大战最权威的纪录片。出现在他们影片中的有事件发生的当事人,有高级军官,有政治家,有普通百姓、还有普通士兵。整部大约26小(28.8GB) 的影片中没有一个重复镜头,全部镜头均取材于当时的战时宣传影片或照片。该片的解说为著名英国演员劳伦斯 奥里佛爵士,相信听过他诠释哈姆雷特“生存还是死亡”的人对他的声音应该有印象。此外该片的资助人是大英博物馆,每集的拍摄都组成了单独的制作小组,有各自独立的编剧、导演,然后经过专门聘请的历史学家审评,再加以精心制作。我相信,在反映二战的纪录片中,不但过去没有,今后恐怕也没有能超越这部片子的了。
1、制作
2、一个新的德国,1933-19393、
3 奇怪的战争,1939年9月-1940年5月
4、法国沦陷,1940年5月-6月
5、单独作战,1940年5月-1941年5月
6、巴巴罗萨,1941年6月-12月
7、疯狂的日本,1931-1942
8、走我的路,美国,1939-1942
9、北非沙漠,1940-1943
10、斯大林格勒,1942年6月-1943年1月
11、狼群战术
12、苏联红星,1941-1943
13、旋风轰炸德国,1939年9月
14、回顾往事
15、一个可爱的日子,昨天:缅甸
16、家园遭焚:英国 1940-1941
17、帝国内:德国,1940-1944
18、六月黎明:1944年8月
19、占领荷兰,1940-1944
20、钳形攻势,1944年8月-1945年3月
21、大屠杀 1941-1945
22、报应,德国,1945年1月-5月
23、日本,1941-1945
24、太平洋,1942年2月-1945年7月
25、核弹,1945年1月-9月
26、清算
27、回忆 特辑一:希特勒的秘书
特辑二:谁赢的了二战
特辑三:希特勒之死
特辑四:勇士们
特辑五之一:奥斯威辛集中营(上)
特辑五之一:奥斯威辛集中营(下)
特辑五之二:奥斯威辛集中营(上)
特辑五之二:奥斯威辛集中营(下)
特辑六之一:人民公社(上)
特辑六之一:人民公社(下)
特辑六之二:人民公社(上)
特辑六之二:人民公社(下)
<<上海滩>>周润发赵雅芝版(25集全)国语,4GB,Sharebig (图)
【影片名称】:上海滩
【影片类型】:连续剧
【影片大小】:大约4GB
【影片格式】:RMVB
【演 员】周润发、吕良伟、赵雅芝、刘丹
【格 式】DVD--RMVB
【语 言】国语
【字 幕】中文
【产 地】香港
【片 长】25集
【内 容】
他头戴大礼帽,身穿长风衣,围着白围巾,他的眼神会说话,他笑时的露出迷人的酒窝。他不时从上衣的口袋里掏出洁白的手绢擦擦鼻子。举手投足之间,他演绎了一段30年代上海滩的恩恩怨怨。这个名叫周润发的男人,将男人的成熟和浑厚、沉稳和沧桑、机智和勇敢、奔放和内敛,做到如此收放自如行云流水,将撼人魂魄的魅力发挥到极致。
许文强(周润发)因参与学生运动而入狱,出狱后转而追求名利,立志出人头地。强认识了贫民区长大的丁力(吕良伟)。两人结成好友,同在黑道中闯出名堂。一次,强为黑帮头目冯敬尧(刘丹)之女程程(赵雅芝)解围,得冯常识,旋即成为黑道中灸手可热的人物。力和强对程程一见倾心,三人展开一段错综复杂的爱情。强发现冯与日本人勾结,遂暗地里破坏冯的阴谋,冯下令追杀强。强逃往香港并与贫家女旺娣结婚。一日,强外出返家发现全家惨死,为报血海深仇决定重返上海……
一个时代的回忆,永不过时的经典!
下载:
http://www.sharebig.com/d/sijigjfof/0DKIfLT4668DD2309/01.rmvb.htm
http://www.sharebig.com/d/sspvtlqmq/0Vfl4be4668DD2B09/02.rmvb.htm
http://www.sharebig.com/d/svsxuwauz/0SHpuKq4668DD2E09/03.rmvb.htm
http://www.sharebig.com/d/smfrhqche/0Mx2Htx4668DD3209/04.rmvb.htm
http://www.sharebig.com/d/snjjkqnyx/0WwWIJm4668DD3909/05.rmvb.htm
http://www.sharebig.com/d/sbonxywqy/0azDD144668DD3D09/06.rmvb.htm
http://www.sharebig.com/d/sigcqeepn/0lCIUxF4668DD4109/07.rmvb.htm
http://www.sharebig.com/d/sfispmuro/0Jq0uaT4668DD4509/08.rmvb.htm
http://www.sharebig.com/d/svwnwkkkn/07YzSjJ466939690C/09.rmvb.htm
http://www.sharebig.com/d/sioftqseg/0QzuqS746693D940B/10.rmvb.htm
http://www.sharebig.com/d/suivkvlus/0lmvrvM466939760C/11.rmvb.htm
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http://www.sharebig.com/d/swrsuyzxz/0Zhfssk4669397B0C/13.rmvb.htm
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BBC记录片:[广岛]. 英国 (2005), avi, 700MB, SareBig (图)
简介:
◆ 中 文 名:BBC 广岛
◆ 原 片 名:BBC Hiroshima
◆ 出品公司:BBC
◆ 国 家:UK
◆ 类 别:专题
◆发行时间:2005年
◆主持人:Paul Wilmshurst
◆ 影片长度:93Mins
◆ 语 言:英语
◆ 文件格式:avi
◆ 文件大小:698MB
◆ 视频尺寸:672 x 368
◆ IMDB评分:9.0/10 (16 votes)
简介:
Hiroshima, 广岛, 那是二十世纪的一个重要时刻——世界上第一颗用于袭击一个国家或地区的原子弹投向了日本的广岛,这是一次科学的、技术的、军事的以及政治上的冒险。这部纪录片企图向我们展示经历了原子弹轰炸的日本人民的生活是什么样的(以前还没有类似的纪录片)时间定格在短短的三周时间,从在新墨西哥的爆炸试验到最后在日本上空的投下,我们有机会看到当年做出决策的那个房间,灾难发生的那一刹那的广岛街头。故事以平行的线索展开。
It was the defining moment of the 20th Century - the scientific, technological, military, and political gamble of the world's first atomic attack. This drama-documentary attempts to do what no other film has done before - to show what it is like to live through a nuclear explosion, millisecond by millisecond. Set in the three weeks from the first test explosion in New Mexico to the eventual dropping of the bomb, the action takes viewers into the room where the crucial political decisions are made; on board the Enola Gay on her fateful voyage; inside the bomb as it explodes; and on the streets of Hiroshima when disaster strikes. Parallel storylines interweave, unfolding the action from both US and Japanese perspectives, and revealing the tensions and conflicts in the actions and minds of people who were making history. Special effects recreate the reality of the mission - even going inside the workings of the bomb - and archive film replays the horrific aftermath.
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